术前渐进性肌肉放松训练减轻全身麻醉病人苏醒期躁动程度的研究

[目的]探讨渐进性肌肉放松训练对减轻全身麻醉病人苏醒期躁动程度的影响.[方法]选择普外科、五官科、妇科、肝胆科拟行气管插管静脉吸入复合麻醉的手术病人60例,随机分为实验组和对照组.实验组术前1d访视并进行渐进性肌肉放松训练,对照组常规术前访视.记录两组病人诱导前、术毕、拔管时、拔管后5min和10min各时段心率、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度、苏醒期躁动-镇静评分、躁动发生率.[结果]麻醉苏醒期病人的心率、血压实验组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);实验组苏醒期躁动-镇静评分为0.65分±0.34分,对照组为1.98分、±0.38分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05);躁动发生率:实验组13.3%,对照组46.7%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]术前渐进性肌肉放松训练有助于降低全身麻醉病人苏醒期躁动的发生率和减轻躁动程度.     

产前盆底肌功能锻炼对阴道分娩结局的影响

目的探讨产前进行盆底肌功能锻炼对阴道分娩结局的影响。方法选择自愿接受盆底肌功能锻炼的孕妇58例作为实验组,未进行功能锻炼的孕妇64例作为对照组。两组孕妇分娩前行盆底肌肉肌张力检测,并记录分娩产程时间和阴道分娩情况。结果实验组孕妇盆底肌肉肌张力强于对照组（P〈0.05）,活跃期、第二产程和总产程时间均短于对照组（P〈0.01）;阴道助产率、会阴侧切率和阴道出血量均低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论孕妇产前进行盆底肌锻炼能够增强盆底肌张力、缩短产程,并且对于改善阴道分娩结局有积极的作用。     

椎旁肌间隙入路在治疗胸腰椎骨折中的应用

目的探讨椎旁肌间隙入路复位固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效。方法2008年1月～2011年1月收治的无神经症状、无需椎管减压的胸腰椎骨折患者82例,随机分为常规入路组及椎旁肌间隙入路组,分析手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术前术后Cobb角、术后VAS评分及腰背痛JOA评分。结果椎旁肌间隙入路组在术中出血量、术后引流量及手术时间上均明显优于常规入路组,术后3天VAS评分及半年随访腰背痛JOA评分均优于常规入路组,差异有统计学意义。术前术后两组Cobb角均恢复较好,无明显差异。结论椎旁肌间隙入路经最长肌和多裂肌直达关节突,椎旁肌组织剥离较少,便于直接置钉,保留了后结构复合体,减少了手术损伤及术后腰背痛的发生率。     

Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess associated with septic spinal epidural abscess

A 56-year-old Japanese man with hypertension presented with a 10 days history of high fever, right and left upper quadrant tenderness. An abdominal ultrasonography and computerized tomographic scan revealed a large collection in the right lobe of the liver that was consistent with an abscess. A drainage catheter was placed and purulent fluid was drained. Cultures of the fluid and blood were positive for a strain of ampicillin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Six days after admission, paraplegia and urinary retention were found. On the neurological examination, deep tendon reflexes of the lower extremities were absent bilaterally. Magnetic resonance imaging scan detected thoracic spinal epidural abscess and paraspinal abscess. He received the emergent decompressive laminectomy. Culture of surgical specimen grew ampicillin-resistant K. pneumoniae. The patient was treated with biapenem intravenously. Thereafter, clinical symptoms improved gradually and he was removed to the professional hospital to continue rehabilitation for gait disturbance on hospital day 147.     

Measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure in ventilated children

Maximal inspiratory pressure (PIMAX), the maximum negative pressure generated during temporary occlusion of the airway, is commonly used to measure inspiratory muscle strength in mechanically ventilated infants and children. There are, however, no guidelines as to how the PIMAX measurement should be made. We compared the maximum inspiratory pressure generated during airway occlusion (PIMAX(OCC)) to that when a unidirectional valve (PIMAX(UNI)), which allowed expiration, but not inspiration was used. Twenty-two mechanically ventilated children (mean (SD) age 4.8 (4.5) years) were studied. Three sets of end expiratory occlusions were performed for each method in random order. The expired volume during PIMAX(UNI) was assessed and related to the functional residual capacity (FRC) measured using a helium dilution technique.The mean (SD) PIMAX(UNI) (45.5 (15.2) cmH(2)O) was significantly greater than mean (SD) PIMAX(OCC) (30.9 (9.0) cmH(2)O) (P < 0.0001). The mean (SD) expired volume during PIMAX(UNI), was 98 ml (62.3), a mean reduction in FRC of 33.1% (SD 13.9). There were no significant differences between techniques in the baseline respiratory drive, the number of efforts required and the time to reach PIMAX. Regardless of technique, PIMAX was reached in 10 inspiratory efforts or 15 sec of airway occlusion.A unidirectional valve allowing expiration, but not inspiration yields greater PIMAX values in children. Occlusions should be maintained for 12 sec or eight breaths (99% CI of mean).     

Expiratory-Synchronized Sleep in a Quadriplegic Patient Using Inspiratory Neck Muscles To Breathe

In a patient with C3 quadriplegia causing complete diaphragm paralysis who developed inspiratory neck muscles (INM) hypertrophy to sustain ventilation, spontaneous breathing deeply altered sleep architecture, relegating sleep to the expiratory phase of the ventilatory cycle. A polysomnographic recording performed during mechanical ventilation (without INM activity), showed that sleep was abnormal but unaffected by the respiratory cycle. During spontaneous breathing, the polygraphic recordings showed expiratory microsleep episodes, with inspiratory arousals synchronous to bursts of INM activity. This case report illustrates the powerful adaptability of the respiratory and sleep control systems to maintain each vital function.     

Airway pressures during crying in healthy infants

Maximal inspiratory and expiratory airway pressures (PI max and PE max) were measured in 100 healthy infants (51 males, 49 females; age range, 0.06-3.76 years) by occluding the airway with a suitable face mask during a crying effort. Mean values +/- SD for PI max and PE max were 118 +/- 21 cm H2O and 125 +/- 35 cm H2O, respectively. Maximal inspiratory pressure was independent of age, sex, and anthropometrics, while maximal expiratory pressure showed a low but statistically significant positive correlation with body weight (P less than 0.001).     

计算机辅助定量评价肌肉急性挫伤后高频超声二维图像纹理特征变化

目的 采用超声回波强度界面多级分解法定量评价急性钝挫伤后人体肌肉高频超声二维图像纹理特征的变化,初步探讨其临床应用价值。方法 采用高频超声检测10例男性上臂肌肉单纯急性挫伤患者的局部肌肉二维超声图像,于脱机状态下通过Matlab 7.0软件选取患者同一图像上的肌纹理正常感兴趣区（ROI）和肌纹理疑似损伤ROI,提取两个ROI的纹理灰度值的均值（Mean）、灰度值的标准差（SDev）、纹理的密致性（NOB）、纹理基元形状的不规则度（IRGL）、纹理基元的平均大小（SOB）、纹理分布的均匀性（HOD）、纹理分布的方向性（DOD）和纹理分布的周期性（POD）8个特征参数,采用超声回波强度界面多级分解法自动计算两个ROI之间8个纹理特征的相似度差值。选取10名男性健康志愿者同部位正常肌肉二维超声图像作为对照,任意选取两个ROI,计算两个ROI之间上述8种纹理特征的相似度差值。对上臂肌肉挫伤患者和健康志愿者8个纹理特征的相似度差值进行对比分析。结果 急性上臂肌肉挫伤区局部肌束回声增强,肌纤维层次紊乱,纹理模糊,回声变化较周边肌纹理正常区显著。急性上臂肌肉挫伤患者肌纹理疑似损伤ROI和肌纹理正常ROI之间IRGL、DOD、POD、Mean和SDev等5个纹理特征相似度差值与健康志愿者任意两个ROI之间该5个纹理特征相似度差值差异有统计学意义（P均<0.01）。结论 基于超声回波强度界面多级分解法的计算机辅助定量评价技术能够对急性挫伤后肌肉高频超声二维图像纹理特征变化做出较人眼识别更精细的量化诊断,可能具备一定的临床实用价值。